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	<title>〈IATF 16949〉彙整頁面 - 華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</title>
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	<title>〈IATF 16949〉彙整頁面 - 華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</title>
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		<title>FMEA 的基礎概念與稽核應用 (下)</title>
		<link>https://aheadmaster.com/fmea-%e7%9a%84%e5%9f%ba%e7%a4%8e%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e8%88%87%e7%a8%bd%e6%a0%b8%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8-%e4%b8%8b/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[a0937861565@gmail.com]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Jul 2024 08:29:50 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[華宇新訊]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[apqp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fmea]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IATF 16949]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[五大冊]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[六大冊]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[汽車供應鏈]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>本文將分享 FMEA 的基礎概念，並運用實例來說明稽核上可能會遇到的 FMEA 審核問題。共有五個主題，依序是失效鏈的認識與分析、風險分析與風險思維、預防控制與偵測控制的區別、新版 FMEA 分析七步法，以及新版 FMEA 的過渡策略（轉版時程）。</p>
<p>〈<a href="https://aheadmaster.com/fmea-%e7%9a%84%e5%9f%ba%e7%a4%8e%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e8%88%87%e7%a8%bd%e6%a0%b8%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8-%e4%b8%8b/">FMEA 的基礎概念與稽核應用 (下)</a>〉這篇文章最早發佈於《<a href="https://aheadmaster.com">華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</a>》。</p>
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									<p>本文將分享 FMEA 的基礎概念，並運用實例來說明稽核上可能會遇到的 FMEA 審核問題。共有五個主題，依序是失效鏈的認識與分析、風險分析與風險思維、預防控制與偵測控制的區別、新版 FMEA 分析七步法，以及新版 FMEA 的過渡策略（轉版時程）。</p>								</div>
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															<img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="663" height="511" src="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-6-2.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18628" alt="風險失維" srcset="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-6-2.png 663w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-6-2-300x231.png 300w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-6-2-600x462.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px" />															</div>
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									<p>圖六代表 FMEA 分析的模式。高空彈跳的基本要求是安全不受傷，如果不安全或受傷了，就是失效影響。要安全不受傷就需要具備前述提及這些功能，沒有達到這些功能就是一個失效模式，我們要探究這個失效模式發生的原因。FMEA 就是用這樣的概念去談失效鏈。第二個風險分析就是嚴重度跟偵測度、發生度。預防措施會決定事情的發生度，偵測措施會決定事情的偵測度，看我們採取怎麽樣的措施。這三個要素出來之後，就會知道風險是什麽，就可以決定一件事情的風險，這就是風險思維。</p><p>優先順序是很重要的風險思維，把風險評價出來後，要決定它的優先順序，什麽事情是優先該做的，什麼是可以排後面的。有些公司是用門檻的方式，譬如 RPN 要多少分才是高風險，不是高風險就不用處理，或者只針對 RPN 高的事情去處理，有的企業會故意設計沒有高風險，是不是代表該企業完全不用做任何事情？其實不是，我們決定的是優先順序，沒有高風險的事情，優先處理的就是中風險的事情，沒有中風險的事情，優先處理的就是低風險的事情，這樣才是一個持續改善的概念。另一個錯誤的風險思維概念，是把風險評分出來後，風險低的優先處理，風險高的因為想不到處理的方法就放在一旁不去處理，這樣就會失去風險思維。這些都是在稽核現場經常看到的實況。</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">預防控制與偵測控制的區別</h2>				</div>
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									<p>本主題來釐清什麽是預防措施和偵測措施。前文提到採用了什麽預防措施會決定它的發生度。對於這件事情怎麽去預防它，會決定這件事會不會發生。對一件事情採用了什麽偵測措施，就會決定它的偵測度。在稽核現場經常看見對於預防措施跟偵測措施判斷錯誤之情況。</p><p>FMEA 的實施方法主要有兩種：根據產品功能（設計 FMEA）DFMEA，以及根據制程步驟（制程 FMEA）進行分析 PFMEA。</p><p>設計 FMEA（DFMEA）是一種主要由設計責任工程師/團隊使用的分析技術，用於確保在將零件交付生產之前，盡可能考慮並解決潛在失效模式及其相關失效起因或機制。設計 FMEA 用於分析如方塊圖/邊界圖所示邊界中所定義的系統、子系統或相關元件的功能，其內部要素之間的關係以及與系統邊界外要素之間的關係。從而識別出可能存在的設計缺陷，將潛在的失效風險降到最低。</p><p>設計 FMEA（DFMEA）用於分析產品設計階段可能產生的失效，制程 FMEA（PFMEA）則與之不同，制程 FMEA（PFMEA）分析的是製造、裝配與物流過程中的潛在失效，以確保生產的產品符合設計目的。制程 FMEA 通過考慮過程變異可能導致的潛在失效模式來分析過程，以確定預防措施的優先順序，並根據需要改進控制，其總體目標是在生產開始前分析過程並採取措施，以避免與製造和裝配有關的不必要缺陷，及這些缺陷產生的後果。</p>								</div>
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															<img decoding="async" width="763" height="411" src="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-6-3.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18627" alt="DFMEA" srcset="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-6-3.png 763w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-6-3-300x162.png 300w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-6-3-600x323.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 763px) 100vw, 763px" />															</div>
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									<p>所謂設計失效模式（DFMEA）的預防跟偵測如何區別？怎麽預防設計失效及偵測？圖七說明把樣品做出來前所做的事情，就是預防；把樣品做出來後對樣品做的測試，就是偵測措施，例如：爆破試驗或是壓力測試。DFMEA 的預防描述如何使用現有的和計畫中的行為來減輕導致失效模式的潛在起因，為確定發生度評價提供基礎；預防控制則和性能要求相關。</p><p>當前預防控制的示例包括：EMC 指令遵守，指令 89 / 336 / EEC、根據模擬、公差計算和程式的系統設計、公佈的執行緒類設計標準、圖紙熱處理規範、感測器性能規範、機械安全失效、可測試性設計、設計和材料標準（內部和外部）、類似設計的最佳實踐，經驗等紀錄、與以前應用中經過驗證的並具有性能歷史紀錄的設計完全相同。</p><p>DFMEA 的偵測其實就是設計驗證，用途在專案交付生產前探測失效起因或失效模式是否存在。當前探測控制的示例包括：功能檢查、爆裂測試、環境測試、駕駛測試、耐久性測試、電壓輸出實驗室測量。這些就是 DFMEA 的預防跟偵測，跟 PFMEA 不一樣。</p><p>PFMEA 的探測措施是產品的特徵出來之後對它做的檢驗，無論是目視還是感官都是探測措施，而在這個產品還沒做出來之前的一些活動，就是在做預防。比如說有一個好的作業標準書，可以預防作業人員把東西做錯，這就是在做預防；或是調查設備能力是否足夠，設備能力足夠基本上就不會做出不好的東西，也是預防。製程統計控制（SPC）是在我們還沒有超出規格上下限的時候就可以知道快要超出了，我們對製程做的控制其實就是在做預防。這個是 PFMEA 的探測跟預防的分界。</p>								</div>
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															<img decoding="async" width="686" height="376" src="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-7-1.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18626" alt="PFMEA" srcset="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-7-1.png 686w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-7-1-300x164.png 300w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-7-1-600x329.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 686px) 100vw, 686px" />															</div>
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									<p>圖八表示 PFMEA 怎麼做探測跟預防。現行預防措施範例包括：標準作業指導、安裝程式、預防性維護、校驗程式、防錯驗證程式、首件放行、機器控制、制程參數控制。現行探測措施範例包括：目視檢查、根據查檢表進行目檢、使用照相機系統進行光學檢查、使用限定樣品進行光學測試、進行屬性測試、用遊標卡尺測量尺寸、隨機抽檢、扭矩監測、負載檢查、終檢等。</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">新版 FMEA 分析七步法</h2>				</div>
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									<p>新版 FMEA 分析七步法是（1）規劃與分析、（2）結構分析、（3）功能分析、（4）失效分析、（5）風險評估、（6）優化、（7）結果文件化。</p><p>第一步規劃與準備，起始 FMEA 要做哪些事情。「5T－ 目的（Intent）、時間安排（Timing）、團隊（Team）、任務（Task）、工具（Tool）」是在設計 FMEA 與制程 FMEA 開始時應該討論的五個主題，以便及時取得最佳效果，避免 FMEA 重工。這些主題可以作為專案啟動的一部份。</p><p>● FMEA 目的（Intent） – 我們為什麼要做 FMEA？<br />● FMEA 時間安排（Timing） – 什麼時候完成？<br />● FMEA 團隊（Team）– 需要包括那些人？<br />● FMEA 任務（Task）– 需要做哪些工作？<br />● FMEA 工具（Tool）– 如何進行分析？</p><p>常見執行 FMEA 前須完成的定義工具：</p><p>（1）DFMEA → 方塊圖（Block 圖）、參數圖（P 圖）；</p><p>（2）PFMEA → 製造流程圖。DFMEA 的第二步到第五步從圖九這張表來了解。</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="792" height="471" src="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-7-2.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18625" alt="DFMEA" srcset="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-7-2.png 792w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-7-2-300x178.png 300w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-7-2-768x457.png 768w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-7-2-600x357.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px" />															</div>
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									<p>要知道此電動機的失效為什麽會產生，應該要分析刷片的失效原因，可能是因為刷片有某處失效造成的，導致整個車窗升降電動機失效的後果。第二步結構分析，把零件、子系統與系統的結構交代清楚。之後就要把功能寫出來，刷片的功能、電動機的功能、車窗升降機要達到功能分別寫出來，這就是第三步功能分析，做功能分析是要導引出第四步失效分析，功能的失效就是一個失效模式，所以要把失效分析導引出來。步驟二三四是連貫的，一旦某個步驟的功能沒有達到，造成失效模式就會造成失效後果。第五步是風險評估，失效後果就會顯現出嚴重度。把現行的預防鑑別出來。現行的預防措施就會決定它的發生度，對它的偵測會決定他的偵測度。發生度和偵測度決定出來後就可以進行評分，當然評分會有評分的準則，本文不針對評分準則做說明。重點是預防控制與偵測控制的區別在這裡不要判斷錯誤，判斷錯誤評分就會出錯，這個分析就會變成無效的分析。PFMEA 的第二步到第五步，從圖十來說明。</p><p>這是電動機組裝的製程，裡面有很多工序，例如：OP10、OP20、OP30，圖十要分析的是 OP30 軸承壓入的過程工序。OP30 工序有很多操作因素，有機臺在操作，人做的動作所造成的影響。本表要分析操作者的原因，要分析操作者的功能沒有到位，會產生怎樣的失效模式和失效後果。從步驟二結構分析知道接下去的分析步驟是什麽，結構分析寫出來，就可開始寫第三步功能分析。比如說這個操作者的功能是他要把一個零件推到定位，讓這個工具有最大間隙，讓組裝達到功能。功能分析就是把操作者的製程工序跟過程寫出來。功能寫出來，就能去做第四步失效分析，比如說操作者可能插入了一個曾受到污染的軸承，造成沒辦法推到定位或間隙太小，這個就是他的失效分析。結構、功能跟失效分析寫出來，就有一個完整的失效分析了。知道失效後果之後就會決定它的嚴重度，接著進行第五步風險評估，要說明這個製程有什麽預防措施、偵測措施，比如說這個案例沒有任何的預防措施，依照標準來看，發生度就要評十分，十分就是它的發生機會最高；有偵測措施就可以決定偵測度的分數，這就是 PFMEA 的二三四五步驟。</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="754" height="539" src="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-7-3.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18624" alt="DFMEA2" srcset="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-7-3.png 754w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-7-3-300x214.png 300w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-7-3-600x429.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px" />															</div>
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									<p>第六步是優化，風險分析完了要如何改善，新版提到中風險或高風險都是要去改善的對象。高風險是一定要去改善的，中風險如果不改善則要提出說明。DFMEA 按以下順序進行優化是最有效的：</p><p>● 修改設計以消除或減少失效影響（FE）</p><p>● 修改設計以降低失效起因（FC）的頻度（O）</p><p>PFMEA 按以下順序進行優化是最有效的：</p><p>● 為了減少發生失效原因（FC）的可能性，修改制程。</p><p>● 增加檢測失效原因或失效模式的能力（FC 或 FM）。</p><p>● 在進行制程修改的情況下，再次評估所有受影響的制程步驟</p><p>第七步結果文件化，截取重點與大家分享。文件內容應滿足組織、預期讀者和利益相關方的要求；具體細節可由各方商定。如此可以確保分析的所有細節和智慧財產權都由編制 FMEA 的公司保留。文件格式可依據具體公司而定，但是，報告應指出失效的技術風險，並將其視為開發計畫和專案里程碑的一部分。文件化呈現的細節還沒有確定，因為新版的案例不多，很多車廠尚未強制一定要開始使用。</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">新版 FMEA 的過渡策略（轉版時程）</h2>				</div>
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									<p>新版的過渡策略：</p><p>● 使用 AIAG FMEA 第四版和 VDA 版本「產品和過程 FMEA」製作的現有 FMEA，可以保持原有格式並用於後續版本修訂。</p><p>● 組織應仔細規劃從當前的 FMEA 過程和方法過渡到新的 AIAG VDA FMEA 過程和工具，若可行，在新專案中，需要從現有的 FMEA 開始，進行轉變，以反映新的評級量表、分析方法和格式。</p><p>● 但是，如果團隊確定該新計畫只是現有產品的微小變更，他們可以保留 FMEA 現有格式。</p><p>● 除非公司領導層和顧客特定要求（CSR）要求採用不同的方法，新專案應遵循本手冊介紹的 FMEA 方法，新項目遵循此方法的過渡日期和專案里程碑應由公司根據顧客的具體要求確定。</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.bellcert.com/article.php?NO=M11210009">資料來源:貝爾國際驗證</a></h3>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://aheadmaster.com/fmea-%e7%9a%84%e5%9f%ba%e7%a4%8e%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e8%88%87%e7%a8%bd%e6%a0%b8%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8-%e4%b8%8a/">延伸閱讀:FMEA 的基礎概念與稽核應用（上）</a></h3>				</div>
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		<p>〈<a href="https://aheadmaster.com/fmea-%e7%9a%84%e5%9f%ba%e7%a4%8e%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e8%88%87%e7%a8%bd%e6%a0%b8%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8-%e4%b8%8b/">FMEA 的基礎概念與稽核應用 (下)</a>〉這篇文章最早發佈於《<a href="https://aheadmaster.com">華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</a>》。</p>
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			<media:title type="html">DFMEA2</media:title>
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		<title>FMEA 的基礎概念與稽核應用 (上)</title>
		<link>https://aheadmaster.com/fmea-%e7%9a%84%e5%9f%ba%e7%a4%8e%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e8%88%87%e7%a8%bd%e6%a0%b8%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8-%e4%b8%8a/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[a0937861565@gmail.com]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Jul 2024 07:22:08 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[華宇新訊]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[apqp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fmea]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IATF 16949]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[五大冊]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[六大冊]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[汽車供應鏈]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>本文將分享 FMEA 的基礎概念，並運用實例來說明稽核上可能會遇到的 FMEA 審核問題。共有五個主題，依序是失效鏈的認識與分析、風險分析與風險思維、預防控制與偵測控制的區別、新版 FMEA 分析七步法，以及新版 FMEA 的過渡策略（轉版時程）。</p>
<p>〈<a href="https://aheadmaster.com/fmea-%e7%9a%84%e5%9f%ba%e7%a4%8e%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e8%88%87%e7%a8%bd%e6%a0%b8%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8-%e4%b8%8a/">FMEA 的基礎概念與稽核應用 (上)</a>〉這篇文章最早發佈於《<a href="https://aheadmaster.com">華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</a>》。</p>
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									<p>本文將分享 FMEA 的基礎概念，並運用實例來說明稽核上可能會遇到的 FMEA 審核問題。共有五個主題，依序是失效鏈的認識與分析、風險分析與風險思維、預防控制與偵測控制的區別、新版 FMEA 分析七步法，以及新版 FMEA 的過渡策略（轉版時程）。</p>								</div>
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					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">失效鏈的認識與分析</h2>				</div>
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									<p>失效鏈的概念有三個重要元素：失效影響、失效模式和失效原因；在稽核現場經常發現很多公司對於失效鏈的三個要素沒辦法寫得很好，這就是第一個主題需要談它的原因。用一張圖來說明失效鏈：</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="722" height="513" src="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-1.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18633" alt="失效鏈的認識與分析" srcset="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-1.png 722w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-1-300x213.png 300w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-1-600x426.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px" />															</div>
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									<p>上面是一張高空彈跳圖，高空彈跳就是一種有風險的活動，如果這個活動沒有處理好，會發生什麽事情？如果高空彈跳發生意外，可能會有一些撞傷、拉傷、甚至於撞擊導致的死亡、驚嚇、突發疾病、心臟病等等。從這張圖來解釋失效影響，失效影響的定義是根據用戶可能會注意或碰到的後果來描述，在做這件事情可能會產生怎樣的後果就是失效影響。</p><p>失效影響是很容易理解的，接著看第二個元素是失效模式，失效模式定義是一個可能沒辦法滿足或提供與其功能的方式、 模式。失效模式應該要用技術術語來描述，不一定是使用者注意到的狀況。這可能不太容易理解，什麽是失效模式？請關注這句「沒辦法滿足或提供預期的功能」，功能的部分沒有達到或沒辦法滿足，那就是一個失效模式的發生。 請看圖二來瞭解什麽是功能，什麽是失效模式。</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="738" height="517" src="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-2.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18632" alt="失效模式FM" srcset="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-2.png 738w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-2-300x210.png 300w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-2-600x420.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px" />															</div>
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									<p>高空彈跳如果要安全，有幾件事情是必須要達到的。它的功能必須具備什麼？舉例，首先我們希望高空彈跳時天氣是穩定的，不要有突發的強風可能會造成風險；第二是彈力繩要回拉，不要跳下去後拉不回來會產生危險；第三是安全繩不要鬆脫；第四是彈跳人員一定要是健康的，如果有先天上的疾病則可能會產生危險；最後一個是語言上能溝通，這樣才不會下錯指令，也不會聽錯指示。知道高空彈跳必須具備以上這些功能後，那失效模式是什麼？</p><p>功能出現了，那失效模式就簡單了，它沒有達到功能，那就是失效模式。如果天氣不穩定突然有強風、彈力繩沒有回拉、安全繩鬆脫、突發心臟疾病、下錯指令，這些事情其實就是一個一個的失效模式。如果我們試著把失效模式跟失效影響串起來，一個失效模式可能就會跟一個失效影響做鏈接，強風如果發生了可能會撞到山壁、彈力繩如果不回拉可能會造成拉傷、安全繩鬆脫可能會撞擊到地面然後死亡、心臟病的突發也有可能會造成死亡、下達錯誤的指令也可能會導致撞擊地面死亡。這個部分是從功能的角度去連結到失效模式跟失效影響。將失效原因、失效模式跟失效影響連結起來，這就是失效鏈的概念。</p><p>失效鏈的第三個重要元素是失效原因，失效原因是指失效模式發生的原因，起因造成的後果是失效模式，看圖三範例會更清楚。</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="687" height="472" src="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-3.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18631" alt="失效原因FC" srcset="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-3.png 687w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-3-300x206.png 300w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-3-600x412.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 687px) 100vw, 687px" />															</div>
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									<p>圖二的功能變成了圖三的失效原因。如果高空彈跳是你的專業，你當然要有能力去分析失效模式產生的原因。舉例，突發強風可能是在山谷裡面產生的一股強風；彈力繩不回拉，可能是因為彈力繩已經有彈性疲乏，沒辦法去支撐原本的動作；安全繩鬆脫可能是因為扣環沒扣緊；突發心臟疾病也有可能是那位學員睡眠不足或是先天上影響的，換言之，學員在做高空彈跳的前一天睡眠必須要充足。下錯指令的可能原因是語言不熟悉。 這樣其實就把三個失效概念串起來了。</p><p>前述下錯指令的例子是真實發生過的。這個案例來自於一則新聞，一位不太會說英文的訓練師在帶領外國遊客做高空彈跳時，把「No jump」講成「Now jump」，結果發生了意外。提醒大家，一旦有新的失效模式出現，就應該隨時加進去，我們希望整個失效模式是非常完整全面的，我們就能很完整地去分析高空彈跳這件事會發生怎樣的危險。</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="670" height="367" src="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-4.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18630" alt="失效鏈" srcset="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-4.png 670w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-4-300x164.png 300w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-5-4-600x329.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px" />															</div>
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									<p>圖四是一個失效鏈的概念，我們要關注為什麽會產生失效模式，就是它的失效原因。這個失效模式會產生怎樣的後果，會發生怎樣的事情，就是它的失效影響。</p><p>這個案例也是曾經發生過的一個飛機失事的意外，有氧氣的氧氣筒規定是不能帶上飛機貨艙的，因為作業疏失被帶進飛機貨艙裡，進而貨艙中的貨物摩擦，導致氧氣外泄起火，助燃的氧氣導致火勢越發嚴重。最主要的失效原因是因為氧氣外泄造成跟貨物摩擦，摩擦之後造成貨艙起火，導致飛機損毀，這就是一整個的失效鏈</p>								</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="703" height="461" src="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-6-1.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-18629" alt="開始風險分析" srcset="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-6-1.png 703w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-6-1-300x197.png 300w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/224-6-1-600x393.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 703px) 100vw, 703px" />															</div>
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									<p>什麽是風險分析？FMEA 怎麽做風險分析？風險分析有三個要素：第一是嚴重度，第二是發生度，第三是偵測度。失效影響很容易判斷事情的嚴重度；發生度是去評價此失效原因它可能發生的機會，來決定發生度；偵測度有兩個箭頭，可以去偵測失效原因，也可以去偵測失效模式有沒有發生來決定偵測度的好壞。根據這三個要素去評價一件事情發生的風險。</p><p>常見五種評價方法去評價一件事情的風險，分別如下：</p><p>● RPN 的風險優先係數法：使用嚴重度、發生度與偵測度三項相乘產生的風險數值，數值較高者，即優先改善。［不推薦單使用風險優先級（RPN）設定閾值來確定所需要的措施。］</p><p>● SOD 法：使用嚴重度、發生度與偵測度排列組合產生的風險數值，數值較高者，可優先改善。（確保嚴重度高的先處理）例如：S = 9；O = 7；D = 6，則風險數值為 976。</p><p>● SO 法：只考慮嚴重度與發生度二者排列組合產生的風險數值。如：S = 9；O = 7，風險數值為97。</p><p>● SD 法：只考慮嚴重度與偵測度二者排列組合產生的風險數值。如：S = 9；D = 6，風險數值為96。</p><p>● AP 法：已預先規劃考慮 SOD 相乘或排列組合的所有情況，當 S、O、D 決定後，查表決定優先等級為高、中或低。</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.bellcert.com/article.php?NO=M11210009">資料來源:貝爾國際驗證</a></h3>				</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://aheadmaster.com/fmea-%e7%9a%84%e5%9f%ba%e7%a4%8e%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e8%88%87%e7%a8%bd%e6%a0%b8%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8-%e4%b8%8b/">延伸閱讀:FMEA 的基礎概念與稽核應用（下）</a></h3>				</div>
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		<p>〈<a href="https://aheadmaster.com/fmea-%e7%9a%84%e5%9f%ba%e7%a4%8e%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e8%88%87%e7%a8%bd%e6%a0%b8%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8-%e4%b8%8a/">FMEA 的基礎概念與稽核應用 (上)</a>〉這篇文章最早發佈於《<a href="https://aheadmaster.com">華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</a>》。</p>
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			<media:title type="html">開始風險分析</media:title>
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		<title>道路車輛安全標準的最新發展(三)</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[華宇 企管]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Dec 2022 01:14:55 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[華宇新訊]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fmea]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IATF 16949]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[失效模式與影響分析]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>高端技術都可能存在許多風險，為降低這些風險，ISO（國際標準化組織）與國際電工委員會（IEC）密切合作，參考 IEC 61508《電氣／電子／可程式電子安全相關系統的功能安全》標準，經歷多年的研擬與討論，終於 2011 年 11 月發佈 ISO 26262：2011《道路車輛功能安全...</p>
<p>〈<a href="https://aheadmaster.com/%e9%81%93%e8%b7%af%e8%bb%8a%e8%bc%9b%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e6%a8%99%e6%ba%96%e7%9a%84%e6%9c%80%e6%96%b0%e7%99%bc%e5%b1%95%e4%b8%89/">道路車輛安全標準的最新發展(三)</a>〉這篇文章最早發佈於《<a href="https://aheadmaster.com">華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</a>》。</p>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium"><b>車聯網帶動的商機與隱憂</b></h3>				</div>
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									<p>這些年來因應提升道路安全、行車效率、節能減碳，以及發展智慧城市的市場需求，加速推動車聯網市場的發展，並與行動通訊、資訊系統、交通產業的深度融合，加上 5G 和 AI 技術及自動駕駛汽車的發展，「車聯網」將成為產業化腳步最快的應用市場。根據高盛（Goldman Sachs）預估，2020 年全球汽車車聯網市場規模僅 7.92 億美元，到了 2035 年將突破 324.35 億美元，而眾所注目的 5G 蜂巢式車聯網車款，有望於 2023 至 2024 年放量生產，整體聯網汽車全球出貨量可望於 2028 年突破 3,300 萬輛。</p><p>然而，這股風潮背後所引發的「網絡安全（Cybersecurity）」議題，也逐漸被業界重視。有鑑於此，世界各國於近幾年相繼發展智慧車輛的相關標準，如美國國家公路交通安全管理局 （NHTSA）於 2016 年發佈的《現代車輛網絡安全最佳實踐》與 2017 年發佈的《自動駕駛系統 2.0》、英國標準協會於 2018 年發佈的《汽車網絡安全基礎指引－規格書》、歐盟網絡安全局 （ENISA）於 2017年發佈的《智能汽車的網絡安全和適應性 》， 顯而易見地， 車輛網路安全已成為國際組織主要關注的議題。而致力於汽車安全標準的 ISO（國際標準化組織）與 SAE（Society of Automotive Engineers，即國際汽車工程師學會）組成的聯合工作小組，亦於 2021 年完成 ISO／SAE 21434 國際標準，以解決汽車產業的網絡安全問題。</p>								</div>
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									<p>SO／SAE 21434：2021《道路車輛－網路安全工程》標準由 IS／TC 22／SC 32（電氣與電子零件以及一般系統組）參考 SAE J3061：2016 開發而成，已於 2021 年 8 月發佈，其內容涵蓋道路車輛電氣和電子系統的概念、產品開發、生產、操作、服務及除役，適用於其發佈後開發或修改的量產道路車輛之電子電氣系統，包括其組件和接口。</p><p>這項標準另一個重要的核心，就是針對威脅分析與風險評估方法提出說明，目標是要讓車輛在早期的產品設計開發時，就能識別潛在的威脅與安全漏洞。同時，該標準也定義了一個框架，涵蓋網路安全過程的要求，並建立溝通與網路安全風險管理的共通語言。</p><p>簡而言之，推動這項標準的目的，就是為了確保現代的汽車產業，從設計開發、生產到生產後的整個生命周期，都應具有安全設計，重視風險管理，並能涵蓋到整個供應鏈。</p><p>該標準在每項條款中都有要求產出對應的文件，例如在概念階段，為識別產品中的網路安全風險，須產出網路安全概念的驗證報告；在產品開發階段，須產出完善的網路安全規範、開發後期的網路安全要求，完善的網路安全規範的驗證報告；而在網路安全驗證階段，須產出驗證規範與驗證報告。因此，當客戶要求實施 ISO／SAE 21434 來確保運作程度，在每個產品生命週期的每個階段，產出必要的文件，並透過相應的風險控制方法來實作。</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium">IS<b>O 21434 的主要章節架構如下：</b></h3>				</div>
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															<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="689" height="565" src="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022-11-09_104725.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-7051" alt="" srcset="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022-11-09_104725.png 689w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022-11-09_104725-300x246.png 300w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022-11-09_104725-600x492.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 689px) 100vw, 689px" />															</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium"><b>總結</b></h3>				</div>
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									<p>道路安全攸關所有人，我們每天出門，行進於通往公司、學校及滿足生活需求的道路。然而，我們的交通系統仍然過於危險，透過道路車輛安全相關標準的認證，相信未來機車、客車、卡車、巴士等只要安裝車路整合相關設備，就能提前接收到危險路段、事故位置、施工區、彎道、行人通行等預警提醒，以降低肇事率 ，提升行車安全。或許在不久的將來，我們幾乎見不到車輛碰撞，塞車景象不再，達到運輸效率最高、耗能最低的境界，並同時達成世界各國淨零排放之目標。</p>								</div>
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									<p><em>資料來源：<a style="font-size: 1rem;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;background-color: #ffffff" href="https://www.bellcert.com/">貝爾官網</a></em></p><p>參考來源：</p><p>● <a href="https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20220323ind001/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20220323ind001/</a></p><p>● <a href="https://linchew.com/2021/04/cybersecurity-trends-for-automotive/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://linchew.com/2021/04/cybersecurity-trends-for-automotive/</a></p><p>● <a href="https://www.iso.org/standard/70918.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.iso.org/standard/70918.htm</a></p><p>● <a href="https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/147884" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/147884</a></p><p>● <a href="https://www.who.int/zh/news/item/30-06-2022-new-political-declaration-to-halve-road-traffic-deaths-and-injuries-by-2030-is-a-milestone-achievement" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.who.int/zh/news/item/30-06-2022-new-political-declaration-to-halve-road-traffic-deaths-and-injuries-by-2030-is-a-milestone-achievement</a></p>								</div>
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                                    華宇原創｜如何聰明安排企業年度行事曆
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		<p>〈<a href="https://aheadmaster.com/%e9%81%93%e8%b7%af%e8%bb%8a%e8%bc%9b%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e6%a8%99%e6%ba%96%e7%9a%84%e6%9c%80%e6%96%b0%e7%99%bc%e5%b1%95%e4%b8%89/">道路車輛安全標準的最新發展(三)</a>〉這篇文章最早發佈於《<a href="https://aheadmaster.com">華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</a>》。</p>
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		<title>道路車輛安全標準的最新發展(二)</title>
		<link>https://aheadmaster.com/%e9%81%93%e8%b7%af%e8%bb%8a%e8%bc%9b%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e6%a8%99%e6%ba%96%e7%9a%84%e6%9c%80%e6%96%b0%e7%99%bc%e5%b1%95%e4%ba%8c/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[華宇 企管]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2022 08:00:18 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[華宇新訊]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fmea]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IATF 16949]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ISO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[公司管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[品質管理系統]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[國際驗證]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[失效模式與影響分析]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[華宇原創]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>高端技術都可能存在許多風險，為降低這些風險，ISO（國際標準化組織）與國際電工委員會（IEC）密切合作，參考 IEC 61508《電氣／電子／可程式電子安全相關系統的功能安全》標準，經歷多年的研擬與討論，終於 2011 年 11 月發佈 ISO 26262：2011《道路車輛功能安全...</p>
<p>〈<a href="https://aheadmaster.com/%e9%81%93%e8%b7%af%e8%bb%8a%e8%bc%9b%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e6%a8%99%e6%ba%96%e7%9a%84%e6%9c%80%e6%96%b0%e7%99%bc%e5%b1%95%e4%ba%8c/">道路車輛安全標準的最新發展(二)</a>〉這篇文章最早發佈於《<a href="https://aheadmaster.com">華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</a>》。</p>
]]></description>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium">IS<b>O 26262 的介紹與改版重點</b></h3>				</div>
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									<p>以前的汽車設計以機械工程為主，當車子故障時，基本上都是機構零組件的問題，但現在多數汽車都加裝了多套的電子輔助系統，主要的目的是讓行車更安全，例如：電子輔助煞車系統、電子輔助轉向系統、自動煞車系統、自動轉向照明系統等，都是透過電子系統來輔助駕駛，避免行車安全問題。</p><p>然而，這些高端技術都可能存在許多風險，為降低這些風險，ISO（國際標準化組織）與國際電工委員會（IEC）密切合作，參考 IEC 61508《電氣／電子／可程式電子安全相關系統的功能安全》標準，經歷多年的研擬與討論，終於 2011 年 11 月發佈 ISO 26262：2011《道路車輛功能安全》，該標準定義了所有汽車電子與電氣安全相關系統的功能安全，涵蓋整個系統的生命週期，包括開發、生產、運作、服務及除役，適用於 3.5T 以下的汽車所搭載之電子電氣系統，包含硬體元件及軟體元件。</p><p>ISO 26262 與 IEC 61508 類似，採用汽車安全完整性等級（ASIL）評估風險，制定安全對策來控制或避免系統性失效，及偵測或控制隨機性的硬體失效，以減少其所造成的影響。ISO 26262 規定汽車 OEM 和供應商從制定規格到生產上市都必須遵循功能安全開發流程，開發過程皆須詳實記錄，以確保合規性，藉由 ISO 26262 執行嚴格的評估，汽車製造商（OEM）與供應商可確保汽車或相對應系統的整體安全，避免因安全隱患而導致高價產品召回及聲譽損害的後果。</p><p>由於技術不斷地更新與快速發展，ISO 26262：2011 標準的內容已不敷產業所需，加上各國專家多年的實務經驗累積，發現仍有許多可完善之處，因此 ISO 技術委員會 ISO／TC 22／SC 32 於 2015 年開始起草，在 2018 年 12 月完成更新並發佈 ISO 26262：2018，改版後的適用範圍除了包含原本的汽車，還包含卡車、公共汽車及摩托車，應用範圍更為全面。</p><p>在此提醒讀者，ISO 26262 是針對產品來進行認證而非針對公司流程來進行認證，但進行認證之先決條件為公司具備流程管控的能力，因此公司須具備 ISO 9001 或 ISO／TS 16949 方能進行 ISO 26262 認證。</p><p>以下簡單說明 ISO 26262：2018 的章節架構，該標準分為 12 個章節，其中 10 個章節是規範（Part 1-9 以及 Part 12），Part 10 和 Part 11 是指引：</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><span style=", Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 18px"><b>ISO 26262</b></span><span style=", Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 18px"><b>：2018 的改版重點：</b></span></h3>				</div>
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									<p>1. 新版的適用範圍延伸到非機動車以外的所有路上載具，如卡車、公共汽車及摩托車等，但不涉及特殊車輛所搭載的電子系統 。</p><p>2. 新版標準的章節新增 Part 11 半導體應用指引，具體說明半導體的相關要求，因舊版 Part 5 對於硬體階段的要求多為整體上的，很難顧及到半導體方面，因此需要針對半導體應用另列章節說明，如半導體的基本故障率（base failure rates）在舊版中散佈於各章節，在新版中已被合併到第 11 部分第 4.6 條「半導體的基本故障率」中 。</p><p>3. 舊版注重失效安全系統（Fail-safe system）註 1，隨著智能聯網汽車的快速發展，新版標準同時注重失效安全系統與失效可操作的系統（Fail-operational system）註 2。</p><p>4. 新版標準增加 Part 12 摩托車的應用，而卡車與公共汽車的特殊要求則分別列入舊版的各章節中。</p><p>5. 相較於舊版，新版在標準條款中的用詞更加精確，相關措施的說明也更為明確。</p><p>#想接著了解 ISO／SAE 21434《道路車輛－網路安全工程》介紹與章節說明，請詳見&#8221;</p>								</div>
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									<p>註 1：失效安全系統 ：是指任何故障發生時，系統會處在安全狀態，通常只影響可用性，不會造成人員傷亡的系統。</p><p>註 2：失效可操作的系統：是指當其重要或主要零件或模組損壞時，仍可完成最終重要動作的系統。</p>								</div>
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									<p><em>資料來源：<a style="font-size: 1rem;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;background-color: #ffffff" href="https://www.bellcert.com/">貝爾官網</a></em></p><p>參考來源：</p><p>● <a href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565684" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565684</a></p><p>● <a href="https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries</a></p><p>● <a href="https://www.secutech.com/edm/stmb_17110602/" target="_self">https://www.secutech.com/edm/stmb_17110602/</a></p><p>● <a href="https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=12644" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=12644</a></p><p>● <a href="https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/147884" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/147884</a></p><p>● <a href="https://www.synopsys.com/zh-tw/taiwan/Blog/what-is-iso-26262.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.synopsys.com/zh-tw/taiwan/Blog/what-is-iso-26262.html</a></p><p> </p>								</div>
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		<p>〈<a href="https://aheadmaster.com/%e9%81%93%e8%b7%af%e8%bb%8a%e8%bc%9b%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e6%a8%99%e6%ba%96%e7%9a%84%e6%9c%80%e6%96%b0%e7%99%bc%e5%b1%95%e4%ba%8c/">道路車輛安全標準的最新發展(二)</a>〉這篇文章最早發佈於《<a href="https://aheadmaster.com">華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</a>》。</p>
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		<title>道路車輛安全標準的最新發展(一)</title>
		<link>https://aheadmaster.com/20221130-2/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[華宇 企管]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2022 05:46:33 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[華宇新訊]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fmea]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IATF 16949]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ISO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[公司管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[品質管理系統]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[國際驗證]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[失效模式與影響分析]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[華宇原創]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>為改善行車安全並降低車禍死亡與受傷事故，美國交通部率先於 2016 年底宣布啟動立法程序，強制要求美國所有在 2021 年出廠的新車都必須安裝 V2V（Vehicle – to – Vehicle）車載通訊設備，美國政府亦積極推動車聯網相關技術的發展。</p>
<p>〈<a href="https://aheadmaster.com/20221130-2/">道路車輛安全標準的最新發展(一)</a>〉這篇文章最早發佈於《<a href="https://aheadmaster.com">華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</a>》。</p>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium">道路車輛安全成為全球關注議題</h3>				</div>
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									<p>根據世界衛生組織發佈的《2018 年全球道路安全狀況報告》，全世界每年因道路交通事故死亡的人數高達 135 萬人，自發明汽車以來，世界上已有 5000 多萬人死於道路交通事故，這超過了第一次世界大戰或一些最嚴重全球流行病的死亡人數。此外，還有 2000 萬至 5000 萬人遭受非致命傷害，其中有許多人因此殘疾。</p><p>道路交通傷害給個人、家庭及整個國家帶來巨大的經濟損失。這些損失包括死傷者的治療費用，也包括死者、因傷殘疾者以及照顧傷者的家人所喪失的勞動力。每年大多數國家因道路交通碰撞造成的損失占國內生產總值的 3 % 左右。以台灣為例，2013 年因車禍死傷的社會損失，包括醫療、維修、保險、賠償等費用，竟高達新台幣 4748 億元，占台灣該年度 GDP 的 3.1 %，相較於 2010 年調查的 3817 億元，損失增加了將近 1000 億元 。</p><p>為此，聯合國大會於 2020 年 9 月通過一項決議，宣佈《2021 – 2030 年道路安全行動十年》之全球計畫，並承諾 2030 年達成道路交通死亡與受傷人數減少 50 % 的宏偉目標，世衛組織總秘書長譚德塞博士說，「交通應促進健康與福祉，保護環境，造福所有人。這需要政府最高層領導者發揮重大主導作用 ， 根據該政治宣言採取行動，實現該願景 。」</p><p>《2021 – 2030 年道路安全行動十年》之全球計畫強調，道路安全責任遠遠超出衛生與交通範疇，必須對道路安全採取綜合辦法，呼籲持續改進城市、道路及車輛的設計，城市規劃人員與工程師必須將安全作為所有交通基礎設施的核心考慮因素，企業則可透過在整個價值鏈落實安全優先原則的方式來推動與改善道路安全，政府機構制定並執行與重要風險有關的法律，提昇公眾意識，以及為道路交通碰撞受害者及時提供可挽救生命的緊急護理，促進有利於安全步行、騎自行車及公共交通的交通政策和道路設計，打造一個安全無虞的交通環境。</p><p>為改善行車安全並降低車禍死亡與受傷事故，美國交通部率先於 2016 年底宣布啟動立法程序，強制要求美國所有在 2021 年出廠的新車都必須安裝 V2V（Vehicle – to – Vehicle）車載通訊設備，美國政府亦積極推動車聯網相關技術的發展。</p>								</div>
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					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium"><span style=", Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: 18px;font-weight: 700">車輛安全標準的發展</span></h3>				</div>
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									<p>隨著車載通訊技術的發達，行車電腦能自動根據其他車輛或系統發送出來的資訊，提醒駕駛人及時地反應以避免發生交通事故。以往人們對於車輛安全的認知，在於提高車子本身結構的安全性；未來的科技則著重在事故可能發生前的立即動作，降低事故發生的機會。由於行車安全相關議題攸關性命，對於安全相關的標準制定就顯得非常重要，因此促成道路車輛相關國際標準的誕生。</p><p>現行汽車產業安全標準可區分成三大面向，分別為功能安全（Functional Safety）、品質（Quality）及資訊與網路安全（Information &amp; Cyber Security）。功能安全之國際標準有汽車產業熟悉的 ISO 26262《道路車輛功能安全》與仍在開發的 ISO／PAS 21448《道路車輛預期功能安全》等；品質管理系統標準有 ISO 9001、IATF 16949等；資訊與網路安全之標準則包含 ISO 27001 以及 2021 年發佈的 ISO／SAE 21434《道路車輛－網路安全工程》。針對 2018 年改版的 ISO 26262 與去年發佈的新標準 ISO／SAE 21434 進行簡單的介紹與重點說明，我們將在&#8221;道路車輛安全標準的最新發展(二)中與大家分享。</p>								</div>
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									<p><em>資料來源：<a style="font-size: 1rem;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;background-color: #ffffff" href="https://www.bellcert.com/">貝爾官網</a></em></p>								</div>
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		<p>〈<a href="https://aheadmaster.com/20221130-2/">道路車輛安全標準的最新發展(一)</a>〉這篇文章最早發佈於《<a href="https://aheadmaster.com">華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</a>》。</p>
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		<title>華宇新訊｜打造汽車供應鏈韌性的資訊安全平台－TISAX（下）</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[華宇企管]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 2022 05:23:35 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[華宇原創]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[華宇新訊]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IATF 16949]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ISO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ISO 27001]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ISO 9001]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[TISAX]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[企業管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[國際驗證]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[輔導]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>打造汽車供應鏈韌性的資訊安全平台－TISAX<br />
在TISAX上的參與方只有兩種角色：評鑑者與被稽核者。一個參與組織（participant）可能受另一個參與組織的要求，進行TISAX符合性評鑑，並對其公佈自己的評鑑結果。透過TISAX資訊分享平台， 其它的參與組織也可以向被稽核者提出申請或授權查看評鑑結...</p>
<p>〈<a href="https://aheadmaster.com/%e8%8f%af%e5%ae%87%e6%96%b0%e8%a8%8a%ef%bd%9c%e6%89%93%e9%80%a0%e6%b1%bd%e8%bb%8a%e4%be%9b%e6%87%89%e9%8f%88%e9%9f%8c%e6%80%a7%e7%9a%84%e8%b3%87%e8%a8%8a%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%b0%ef%bc%8dti/">華宇新訊｜打造汽車供應鏈韌性的資訊安全平台－TISAX（下）</a>〉這篇文章最早發佈於《<a href="https://aheadmaster.com">華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</a>》。</p>
]]></description>
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									<h3><strong><span style="color: #339966">TISAX作業流程</span></strong></h3><p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-5625 size-large" src="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/d58a7d8d5f730f32de0cc37a38d057fa-1024x414.png" alt="華宇新訊｜打造汽車供應鏈韌性的資訊安全平台－TISAX（下）" width="1024" height="414" srcset="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/d58a7d8d5f730f32de0cc37a38d057fa-1024x414.png 1024w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/d58a7d8d5f730f32de0cc37a38d057fa-300x121.png 300w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/d58a7d8d5f730f32de0cc37a38d057fa-768x310.png 768w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/d58a7d8d5f730f32de0cc37a38d057fa-600x242.png 600w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/d58a7d8d5f730f32de0cc37a38d057fa.png 1035w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></p><p>*1：在TISAX上的參與方只有兩種角色：評鑑者與被稽核者。一個參與組織（participant）可能受另一個參與組織的要求，進行TISAX符合性評鑑，並對其公佈自己的評鑑結果。透過TISAX資訊分享平台， 其它的參與組織也可以向被稽核者提出申請或授權查看評鑑結果。</p><p>*2：矯正行動計畫評鑑（corrective action plan assessment）：初始評鑑有不符合之情況才會進行，稽核員透過遠端或現場確認受評者提交之矯正行動計畫之適切性，可能不只安排一次。</p><p>*3：追蹤評鑑（follow-up assessment）：確認矯正預防措施之執行成效，可多次追蹤評鑑，但最後一次追蹤評鑑與初始評鑑之時間間隔不得超過9個月，否則須重新回到初始評鑑階段。</p><p> </p><hr /><h3><span style="color: #339966">TISAX評鑑報告的架構</span></h3><p>TISAX的評鑑報告可區分為5個部分：</p><p>A. 評鑑相關資訊：公司名稱、評鑑範圍、範圍 ID、評鑑ID、評鑑等級、評鑑目標、評鑑日期及稽核提供者。</p><p>B. 總結結果：評鑑結果的管理總結（符合、次要不符合、主要不符合）、發現數量、產生風險的抽象分類。</p><p>C. 評鑑結果總結：每個章節（例如：「9存取控制」）和每個範疇（例如：「資訊安全」）的評鑑結果摘要。</p><p>D. VDA ISA的成熟度等級：每個要求的成熟度等級。</p><p>E. 詳細的評鑑結果：詳細描述所有發現、相應風險評鑑結果、所需措施及實施期限。</p><p> </p><hr /><h3><span style="color: #339966">TISAX標章</span></h3><p>　　TISAX標章（TISAX Label）的有效期一般為3年，有效期從評鑑過程結束時開始，甚至在TISAX評鑑報告發布之前。如果TISAX評鑑範圍發生顯著變更，如公司地址變遷或增加其他位置，有效期可能就會縮短。</p><p>       須注意，企業接受評鑑通過後所獲得TISAX標章可能不只一個，如前所述，每個評鑑目標都有其對應的TISAX標章，有些評鑑目標之要求包含另一個評鑑目標之要求，因此若通過涵蓋較多要求的評鑑目標就會有2個以上的TISAX標章。</p><p>       舉例來說，如果A企業選擇的評鑑目標是「極高保護需求資訊之處理」，A企業的評鑑通過後就會收到對應的「極高保護需求資訊之處理」之TISAX標章，由於「極高保護需求資訊之處理」之評鑑目標包含「高保護需求資訊之處理」之評鑑目標的要求，A企業也會自動收到「高保護需求資訊之處理」之TISAX標章，如此A企業就會有2個標章，當B客戶要求A企業取得「極高保護需求資訊之處理」之TISAX標章，A企業可分享「極高保護需求資訊之處理」之TISAX標章給B客戶，當C客戶僅要求「高保護需求資訊之處理」之評鑑標章，A企業可分享「高保護需求資訊之處理」之TISAX標章給C客戶，無須花費時間向客戶解釋「極高保護需求資訊之處理」已涵蓋「高保護需求資訊之處理」之要求。</p><p> </p><hr /><h3><span style="color: #339966">企業如何推動與落實TISAX</span></h3><p>      TISAX平台推出後，歐系車廠福斯（Volkswagen）、寶馬（BMW）、保時捷（Porsche）等車廠已開始要求供應鏈必須取得TISAX認證，TISAX評鑑內容主要以資訊安全管理系統為基礎，供應商若想順利取得TISAX標章，最好先建置ISO 27001資訊安全管理系統。</p><p>       相信絕大部分的汽車供應商都已建置ISO 9001品質管理系統，甚至是IATF 16949汽車業品質管理系統，但不見得會建置ISO 27001資訊安全管理系統，由於初期導入可能需要較多的時間改善軟硬體設備與進行相關培訓，建議最好預留半年以上的導入時間，同時，可先詢問客戶認可的評鑑目標與等級，自行評鑑公司現況落在TISAX成熟度等級的哪一個階段，與ISO 27001導入同時進行，待ISO 27001驗證通過後，再來註冊TISAX，依序進行自評與準備評鑑資料，待資料完備時即可進行初始評鑑。</p><p> </p><hr /><h3><span style="color: #339966">運用管理系統推動TISAX</span></h3><p>       如上一期所述，TISAX採用的VDA ISA要求乃參考ISO/IEC 27001、ISO/IEC 27002等標準，為順利一次取得TISAX標章，建議供應商先依據ISO 27001、ISO 27002建置資訊安全管理系統，行有餘力，再參照其他相關標準將系統運作臻於完善。</p><p>       以下將能協助汽車供應鏈取得TISAX認證之相關ISO標準彙整如下，希望能藉由國際上公認的管理規範與實務做法，協助汽車供應鏈符合VDA ISA要求，定期向客戶證明其資訊安全之健全。</p><p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-5626 size-full" src="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/9be539018871fcb132c750a772053ce4.png" alt="運用管理系統推動TISAX" width="781" height="630" srcset="https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/9be539018871fcb132c750a772053ce4.png 781w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/9be539018871fcb132c750a772053ce4-300x242.png 300w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/9be539018871fcb132c750a772053ce4-768x620.png 768w, https://aheadmaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/9be539018871fcb132c750a772053ce4-600x484.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px" /></p><p> </p><hr /><h3><strong><span style="color: #339966">推動TISAX的益處</span></strong></h3><p>● 評鑑結果具公信力，提高客戶對供應商在資訊安全方面的信任。</p><p>● 避免重複性的評鑑，節省客戶與供應商的時間與成本。</p><p>● VDA-ISA的評鑑項目統一，可比較參與者的自評或受評結果。</p>								</div>
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		<title>IATF 16949汽車近期發佈消息通知</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[華宇企管]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2022 09:25:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[華宇新訊]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[16949]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IATF 16949]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ISO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[企業管理]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[國際驗證]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[華宇]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>ATF rule 5th</p>
<p>IATF 更新 16949條文 -認可解釋， 更新 #5及 #6， 自 2022 年1 月啟用：        （ 修改處以藍色字體呈現</p>
<p>〈<a href="https://aheadmaster.com/iatf-16949%e6%b1%bd%e8%bb%8a%e8%bf%91%e6%9c%9f%e7%99%bc%e4%bd%88%e6%b6%88%e6%81%af%e9%80%9a%e7%9f%a5/">IATF 16949汽車近期發佈消息通知</a>〉這篇文章最早發佈於《<a href="https://aheadmaster.com">華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</a>》。</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h4><span style="color: #993300">ATF rule 5th</span></h4>
<p>IATF 更新 16949條文 -認可解釋， 更新 #5及 #6， 自 2022 年1 月啟用：        （ 修改處以藍色字體呈現）</p>
<ul>
<li> 5.5 支援功能：<span style="color: #0000ff"> <span style="color: #3366ff">驗證機構應在被驗證製造現場稽核下方的評論欄中，輸入關於每個稽核的外部支援功能資訊（即被稽核的地點名稱、稽核日期、稽核員姓名、和每個稽核員的稽核人天數日期）。如果一個外部支援功能地點支援超過一個以上的多個製造現場，驗證機構應該在每單個製造現場下方輸入稽核資訊。資訊應採用英文。    </span></span><span style="color: #3366ff"><br />
</span><em><br />
變更理由：對將外部支援地點的稽核資訊輸入</em><em> IATF</em><em> 資料庫的過程進行澄清，以確保驗證機構之間的一致性，並簡化當前所觀察到的過程。</em></li>
<li> 4.3.2 資格再確認過程</li>
</ul>
<p>每家驗證機構應制定一個的過程以繼續批准或拒絕所擔保的稽核員，<br />
包括以下規定：</p>
<p>a)  監控與管制 IATF稽核員開發過程，包括評估結果和開發進度 ；</p>
<p>b)  持續監控並衡量績效和持續發展，其中應包括 ：</p>
<p>– 提交最終稽核報告的及時性（見 5.10） ；</p>
<p><span style="color: #3366ff">  – 提交最終稽核報告的及時性，含關於被驗證客戶不符合的可接受性的決定 （見5.11.3 ）；  </span><br />
<span style="color: #3366ff">– 驗證機構決定之結果 （見5.12 ）；  </span></p>
<p>– IATF 見證稽核之結果 ；</p>
<p>– <span style="color: #3366ff">個人的</span> 不符合分析；</p>
<p>– 驗證機構內部見證稽核 <span style="color: #3366ff">之結果</span> ；</p>
<p>– 稽核後意見調查 <span style="color: #3366ff">之結果</span> ；</p>
<p>– 被驗證客戶及其顧客的反饋</p>
<blockquote><p><span style="color: #333399;font-size: 1rem">　　“如果未達到或維持可接受的績效層級，驗證機構應確認哪些措施應被實施來改善稽核員的績效；如果驗證機構發現受擔保稽核員有欺騙行為時，應通知相關監督辦公室。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 1rem">　“</span><span style="color: #333399">依據績效表現， IATF 可對稽核員之資格提出警示、暫停或是永久撤銷，在此情況，驗證機構必須立即限製或終止安排該稽核員執行稽核。暫停期間， 稽核員不能參與任何 IATF 16949 稽核，若 IATF 16949 稽核員資格被撤銷，相關監督辦公室與驗證機構之稽核員狀態應顯示為失效。</span></p></blockquote>
<p><em>變更理由：為了改善驗證機構所使用的監控和評量稽核員績效之準則，以及要求確立IATF 16949稽核員之可接受績效層級的流程。同時， 也說明了IATF可依據合格之IATF 16949稽核員績效表現或是欺騙之行為所採取的強硬措施</em></p>
<p><em>資料來源:台灣貝爾國際驗證機構</em></p>
<p>〈<a href="https://aheadmaster.com/iatf-16949%e6%b1%bd%e8%bb%8a%e8%bf%91%e6%9c%9f%e7%99%bc%e4%bd%88%e6%b6%88%e6%81%af%e9%80%9a%e7%9f%a5/">IATF 16949汽車近期發佈消息通知</a>〉這篇文章最早發佈於《<a href="https://aheadmaster.com">華宇企管-45年專業顧問團隊</a>》。</p>
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